930312_MC Astronomy_NN1 device_NN1 may_VM help_VVI fight_NN1 cancer_NN1 By_II Bryan_NP1 Christie_NP1 Health_NN1 Correspondent_NN1 A_ZZ1 SCANNING_VVG system_NN1 developed_VVN by_II astronomers_NN2 for_IF classifying_VVG stars_NN2 is_VBZ exciting_VVG the_AT medical_JJ world_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE potential_NN1 to_TO detect_VVI breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 at_II an_AT1 early_JJ stage_NN1 ._. 
The_AT development_NN1 ,_, first_MD reported_VVN in_II The_AT Scotsman_NN1 three_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, opens_VVZ up_RP the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO being_VBG able_JK to_TO treat_VVI the_AT first_MD signs_NN2 of_IO breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 when_CS the_AT chances_NN2 of_IO success_NN1 are_VBR highest_JJT ._. 
The_AT Royal_JJ Observatory_NN1 of_IO Edinburgh_NP1 has_VHZ applied_VVN for_IF funding_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI the_AT system_NN1 for_IF use_NN1 with_IW patients_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 negotiations_NN2 are_VBR at_II a_AT1 delicate_JJ stage_NN1 and_CC senior_JJ staff_NN at_II the_AT observatory_NN1 preferred_VVD to_TO make_VVI no_AT official_JJ comment_NN1 when_CS contacted_VVN yesterday_RT ._. 
The_AT computerised_JJ system_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR working_VVG on_RP ,_, known_VVN as_II Super_JJ Cosmos_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ developed_VVN to_TO spot_VVI new_JJ stars_NN2 among_II thousands_NNO2 of_IO specks_NN2 on_II photographic_JJ plates_NN2 exposed_VVN through_II giant_JJ telescopes_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 soon_RR became_VVD clear_JJ that_CST the_AT same_DA system_NN1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO '_" read_VVI '_GE breast_NN1 X-rays_NN2 and_CC uncover_VVI the_AT earliest_JJT signs_NN2 of_IO disease_NN1 ._. 
Dr_NNB Harvey_NP1 McGillivray_NP1 ,_, head_NN1 of_IO the_AT Observatory_NN1 's_GE COSMOS_NN1 unit_NN1 told_VVD The_AT Scotsman_NN1 in_II 1990_MC that_CST it_PPH1 could_VM take_VVI a_AT1 trained_JJ observer_NN1 up_RG21 to_RG22 20_MC minutes_NNT2 to_TO scan_VVI an_AT1 X-ray_NN1 plate_NN1 by_II eye_NN1 ,_, with_IW no_AT certainty_NN1 of_IO spotting_VVG abnormalities_NN2 ._. 
The_AT Super_JJ Cosmos_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO scanning_VVG an_AT1 X-ray_NN1 plate_NN1 in_II minutes_NNT2 and_CC will_VM eliminate_VVI inconsistency_NN1 in_II diagnosis_NN1 ._. 
Software_NN1 being_VBG produced_VVN by_II scientists_NN2 at_II Manchester_NP1 University_NN1 will_VM allow_VVI the_AT Super-Cosmos_NN1 equipment_NN1 to_TO spot_VVI particular_JJ features_NN2 on_II X-rays_NN2 every_AT1 time_NNT1 ._. 
Any_DD suspicious_JJ images_NN2 can_VM then_RT be_VBI double-checked_JJ by_II a_AT1 radiologist_NN1 before_II any_DD decision_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN to_TO treat_VVI the_AT patient_NN1 ._. 
Scientists_NN2 at_II the_AT observatory_NN1 are_VBR also_RR investigating_VVG other_JJ uses_NN2 for_IF the_AT system_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1990_MC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ being_VBG used_JJ to_II measure_NN1 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO minute_JJ underwater_JJ bubbles_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM detect_VVI the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO submarines_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN applied_VVN to_TO study_VVI polymer_NN1 fibre_NN1 patterns_NN2 in_II research_NN1 on_II materials_NN2 for_IF plastic_NN1 moulds_NN2 ._. 
Technology_NN1 dogs_NN2 strays_NN2@ '_GE footsteps_NN2 By_II Tom_NP1 Morton_NP1 TRACKING_NN1 down_II the_AT stray_JJ dogs_NN2 of_IO Inverness_NP1 may_VM soon_RR be_VBI easier_JJR thanks_NN2 to_II the_AT ubiquitous_JJ micro-chip_NN1 ._. 
The_AT dogs_NN2 would_VM have_VHI chips_NN2 coded_VVN with_IW their_APPGE owners_NN2 '_GE names_NN2 and_CC addresses_NN2 implanted_VVD below_II the_AT fur_NN1 ._. 
Any_DD pooch_NN1 found_VVD straying_VVG could_VM be_VBI matched_VVN to_II its_APPGE owners_NN2 by_II the_AT Highland_NN1 capital_NN1 's_GE two_MC dog_NN1 wardens_NN2 using_VVG scanners_NN2 ._. 
On_II Friday_NPD1 ,_, Inverness_NP1 District_NN1 Council_NN1 's_GE control_NN1 of_IO dogs_NN2 sub-committee_NN1 will_VM meet_VVI to_TO discuss_VVI the_AT details_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 one-month_JJ pilot_NN1 scheme_NN1 ._. 
Tom_NP1 McClenaghan_NP1 ,_, the_AT council_NN1 's_GE director_NN1 of_IO administration_NN1 ,_, reveals_VVZ in_II a_AT1 report_NN1 that_CST owners_NN2 will_VM be_VBI charged_VVN an_AT1 initial_NN1 12_MC for_IF the_AT security_NN1 of_IO knowing_VVG that_CST their_APPGE furry_JJ friends_NN2 can_VM no_RR21 longer_RR22 go_VVI as_CSA they_PPHS2 please_RR ._. 
Compulsory_JJ chipping_NN1 is_VBZ outwith_II council_NN1 powers_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 council_NN1 vehicle_NN1 would_VM patrol_VVI housing_VVG schemes_NN2 '_GE with_IW local_JJ vets_NN2 offering_VVG their_APPGE services_NN2 free_JJ of_IO charge_NN1 and_CC supplying_VVG an_AT1 animal_NN1 nurse_NN1 in_II an_AT1 advisory_JJ capacity_NN1 free_JJ of_IO charge_NN1 '_GE ._. 
What_DDQ species_NN of_IO animal_NN1 nurse_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX made_VVN clear_JJ ._. 
Any_DD chipped_JJ dogs_NN2 found_VVD straying_VVG should_VM be_VBI returned_VVN to_II their_APPGE owners_NN2 free_VV0 only_RR twice_RR ,_, Mr_NNB McClenaghan_NP1 suggests_VVZ ,_, with_IW subsequent_JJ escapes_NN2 incurring_VVG fines_NN2 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 40_MC ._. 
A_ZZ1 a_AT1 council_NN1 administrative_JJ assistant_NN1 said_VVD the_AT scheme_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN approved_VVN by_II the_AT council_NN1 following_VVG increased_JJ concern_NN1 with_IW dog-straying_JJ and_CC dog-fouling_NN1 ._. 
Richard_NP1 Fry_NP1 ,_, managing_JJ director_NN1 of_IO Pettrac_NP1 ,_, said_VVD schemes_NN2 at_II Inverness_NP1 and_CC Glasgow_NP1 would_VM be_VBI linked_VVN to_II the_AT Scottish_JJ Pet_NN1 Register_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 computer_NN1 operated_VVN from_II the_AT Glasgow_NP1 Dog_NN1 and_CC Cat_NN1 Home_RL ._. 
The_AT Data_NN Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 did_VDD apply_VVI to_II the_AT doggy_NN1 database_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 added_VVD ,_, and_CC all_DB details_NN2 would_VM kept_VVD confidential_JJ ._. 
Hormones_NN2 take_VV0 the_AT heat_NN1 off_II Thousands_NNO2 of_IO women_NN2 suffer_VV0 menopausal_JJ symptoms_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI relieved_VVN by_II a_AT1 course_NN1 of_IO Hormone_NN1 Replacement_NN1 Therapy_NN1 ._. 
Jane_NP1 Fowler_NP1 asks_VVZ why_RRQ only_RR 9_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 who_PNQS can_VM benefit_VVI are_VBR taking_VVG the_AT option_NN1 There_EX are_VBR still_RR too_RG many_DA2 doctors_NN2 who_PNQS will_VM say_VVI '_" I_PPIS1 'm_VBM afraid_JJ it_PPH1 's_VBZ just_RR your_APPGE age_NN1 ,_, my_APPGE dear_NN1 '_GE or_CC '_" You_PPY 'll_VM just_RR have_VHI to_TO live_VVI with_IW it'_NN1 FROM_II my_APPGE childhood_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 remember_VV0 clearly_RR my_APPGE aunt_NN1 suffering_VVG daily_RR from_II the_AT most_RGT common_JJ problem_NN1 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 ,_, the_AT hot_JJ flush_NN1 ._. 
The_AT term_NN1 '_GE flush_NN1 '_GE does_VDZ not_XX translate_VVI the_AT intensity_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 and_CC discomfort_NN1 experienced_VVD ._. 
Each_DD1 evening_NNT1 ,_, as_CSA she_PPHS1 prepared_VVD the_AT evening_NNT1 meal_NN1 ,_, the_AT heat_NN1 would_VM start_VVI at_II her_APPGE waist_NN1 ,_, spread_VVD up_RP the_AT chest_NN1 ,_, her_APPGE face_NN1 would_VM suffuse_VVI to_TO crimson_VVI and_CC her_APPGE cheeks_NN2 puff_VV0 up_RP ._. 
After_II throwing_VVG the_AT plates_NN2 on_II the_AT table_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 would_VM rush_VVI out_RP into_II the_AT garden_NN1 in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO cool_VVI down_RP ._. 
There_RL she_PPHS1 would_VM stay_VVI for_IF up_II an_AT1 hour_NNT1 in_II shirt-sleeves_NN2 in_II the_AT pitch-dark_NN1 ,_, sometimes_RT in_II the_AT snow_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT bewildered_JJ family_NN1 shivered_VVD inside_RL ._. 
Bewildering_JJ and_CC distressing_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 fitting_JJ description_NN1 of_IO the_AT many_DA2 symptoms_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM accompany_VVI the_AT menopause_NN1 ._. 
About_RG 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 encounter_VV0 no_AT problems_NN2 but_CCB the_AT vast_JJ majority_NN1 do_VD0 not_XX escape_VVI ._. 
For_IF decades_NNT2 ,_, the_AT '_GE change_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 '_GE was_VBDZ something_PN1 to_TO be_VBI suffered_VVN in_II silence_NN1 ,_, something_PN1 to_TO do_VDI with_IW '_GE female_JJ hormones_NN2 '_GE ,_, always_RR a_AT1 bother_NN1 at_II the_AT best_JJT of_IO times_NNT2 ,_, and_CC something_PN1 gynaecological_JJ ._. 
On_II all_DB counts_VVZ a_AT1 taboo_JJ subject_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB since_CS the_AT 1950s_MC2 ,_, hormone_NN1 replacement_NN1 therapy_NN1 ,_, or_CC HRT_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN available_JJ and_CC some_DD famous_JJ names_NN2 pay_VV0 tribute_NN1 to_II its_APPGE effects_NN2 :_: Theresa_NP1 Gorman_NP1 ,_, Miriam_NP1 Stoppard_NP1 ,_, Jill_NP1 Gascoigne_NP1 ,_, Kate_NP1 O'Mara_NP1 even_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ rumoured_VVN ,_, Margaret_NP1 Thatcher_NP1 ._. 
Only_RR this_DD1 month_NNT1 ,_, the_AT novelist_NN1 Fay_NP1 Weldon_NP1 added_VVD her_APPGE own_DA paean_NN1 of_IO praise_NN1 ._. 
'_" It_PPH1 's_VBZ like_II a_AT1 carpet_NN1 underlay_VVD through_II life_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 gives_VVZ you_PPY an_AT1 expectation_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 anticipation_NN1 ,_, you_PPY do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI what_DDQ will_VM happen_VVI next_MD ._. 
'_" A_ZZ1 recent_JJ survey_NN1 of_IO Scottish_JJ gynaecologists_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST 99_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO them_PPHO2 would_VM recommend_VVI HRT_NN1 ,_, given_VVN the_AT right_JJ medical_JJ circumstances_NN2 ._. 
Yet_RR only_RR 9_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 who_PNQS could_VM benefit_VVI are_VBR taking_VVG up_RP the_AT option_NN1 ._. 
Why_RRQ the_AT discrepancy_NN1 ?_? 
The_AT survey_NN1 ,_, carried_VVN out_RP by_II Dr_NNB Helen_NP1 McEwan_NP1 and_CC Dr_NNB Mary_NP1 Campbell-Brown_NN1 of_IO Glasgow_NP1 Royal_JJ Infirmary_NN1 ,_, reported_VVD that_CST many_DA2 women_NN2 fear_VV0 not_XX enough_RR is_VBZ known_VVN about_II the_AT long-term_JJ consequences_NN2 ._. 
Others_NN2 think_VV0 it_PPH1 tampers_VVZ with_IW nature_NN1 although_CS unlike_II the_AT contraceptive_JJ pill_NN1 which_DDQ tops_VVZ up_RP hormones_NN2 ,_, HRT_NN1 simply_RR restores_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_II their_APPGE previous_JJ and_CC natural_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
Those_DD2 involved_JJ in_II research_NN1 into_II the_AT drug_NN1 and_CC with_IW the_AT women_NN2 taking_VVG it_PPH1 are_VBR mainly_RR enthusiastic_JJ ._. 
The_AT trouble_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, as_CSA Rosemary_NP1 Nicol_NP1 points_VVZ out_RP in_II her_APPGE book_NN1 Hormone_NN1 Replacement_NN1 Therapy_NN1 :_: Your_APPGE Guide_NN1 to_II Making_VVG An_AT1 Informed_JJ Choice_NN1 ,_, HRT_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX simply_RR a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_IO going_VVG to_II your_APPGE GP_NN1 and_CC getting_VVG a_AT1 prescription_NN1 ._. 
'_" There_EX are_VBR over_RG 20_MC combinations_NN2 of_IO HRT_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI tailored_VVN to_II the_AT individual_NN1 ._. 
While_CS a_AT1 first_MD attempt_NN1 may_VM work_VVI wonders_NN2 for_IF some_DD ,_, for_IF others_NN2 the_AT dosage_NN1 may_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI changed_VVN ,_, the_AT type_NN1 of_IO HRT_NN1 altered_VVN or_CC the_AT frequency_NN1 lowered_VVD ._. 
Many_DA2 give_VV0 up_RP at_II the_AT first_MD hurdle_NN1 before_II discovering_VVG the_AT eventual_JJ and_CC significant_JJ rewards_NN2 ._. 
'_GE Nicol_NP1 believes_VVZ each_DD1 woman_NN1 must_VM balance_VVI the_AT severity_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE symptoms_NN2 and_CC the_AT long-term_JJ benefits_NN2 of_IO HRT_NN1 with_IW the_AT possible_JJ risks_NN2 attached_VVN ._. 
The_AT only_JJ way_NN1 to_TO reach_VVI an_AT1 informed_JJ decision_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO understand_VVI what_DDQ the_AT menopause_NN1 entails_VVZ and_CC exactly_RR how_RRQ HRT_NN1 works_VVZ ._. 
The_AT many_DA2 and_CC various_JJ symptoms_NN2 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 have_VH0 but_CCB one_MC1 cause_NN1 :_: a_AT1 fall_NN1 in_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO the_AT female_JJ hormone_NN1 ,_, oestrogen_NN1 ._. 
While_CS oestrogen_NN1 levels_NN2 are_VBR high_JJ ,_, the_AT blood_NN1 vessels_NN2 remain_VV0 in_II good_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, the_AT walls_NN2 of_IO the_AT vagina_NN1 are_VBR thick_JJ and_CC elastic_NN1 ,_, bones_NN2 remain_VV0 strong_JJ and_CC skin_NN1 blooms_NN2 ._. 
As_II the_AT menopause_NN1 approaches_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 gradual_JJ decline_NN1 in_II the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 produced_VVD each_DD1 month_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT first_MD symptoms_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM be_VBI felt_VVN are_VBR hot_JJ flushes_NN2 ,_, night_NNT1 sweats_NN2 ,_, general_JJ anxiety_NN1 and_CC irritability_NN1 ,_, loss_NN1 of_IO self-esteem_NN1 ,_, insomnia_NN1 ,_, mood_NN1 changes_NN2 ,_, poor_JJ memory_NN1 ,_, loss_NN1 of_IO confidence_NN1 ,_, loss_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 in_II sex_NN1 and_CC even_RR formication_NN1 (_( the_AT feeling_NN1 of_IO insects_NN2 crawling_VVG just_RR underneath_RL or_CC on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 the_AT skin_NN1 ,_, probably_RR caused_VVN by_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT nerve_NN1 endings_NN2 )_) ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, 75_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO menopausal_JJ women_NN2 suffer_VV0 from_II flushes_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 constitute_VV0 the_AT commonest_JJT reason_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 turning_VVG to_II HRT_NN1 ._. 
Since_CS the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO the_AT blood_NN1 vessels_NN2 dilating_VVG and_CC constricting_JJ due_JJ to_TO lack_VVI of_IO oestrogen_NN1 ,_, topping_VVG up_RP the_AT levels_NN2 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 (_( the_AT essence_NN1 of_IO HRT_NN1 )_) causes_VVZ the_AT flushes_NN2 to_TO lessen_VVI within_II days_NNT2 ,_, before_II disappearing_VVG ._. 
HRT_NN1 is_VBZ similarly_RR successful_JJ with_IW night_NNT1 sweats_NN2 ._. 
Some_DD GPs_NN2 prescribe_VV0 tranquillisers_NN2 and_CC anti-depressants_NN2 for_IF the_AT related_JJ insomnia_NN1 and_CC irritability_NN1 ._. 
'_" This_DD1 ,_, '_GE comments_NN2 Nicol_NP1 ,_, '_GE is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO justify_VVI as_II the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 falling_VVG oestrogen_NN1 and_CC nothing_PN1 else_RR ._. 
'_GE Part_NN1 of_IO the_AT brain_NN1 contains_VVZ many_DA2 oestrogen_NN1 receptors_NN2 and_CC when_RRQ oestrogen_NN1 levels_NN2 fall_VV0 ,_, mood_NN1 changes_NN2 may_VM occur_VVI ._. 
'_" There_EX are_VBR still_RR too_RG many_DA2 doctors_NN2 who_PNQS will_VM say_VVI '_" I_PPIS1 'm_VBM afraid_JJ it_PPH1 's_VBZ just_RR your_APPGE age_NN1 ,_, my_APPGE dear_NN1 '_GE or_CC '_" You_PPY 'll_VM just_RR have_VHI to_TO live_VVI with_IW it_PPH1 '_VBZ ,_, '_" says_VVZ Nicol_NP1 ._. 
Yet_RR once_RR the_AT oestrogen_NN1 is_VBZ replaced_VVN by_II HRT_NN1 ,_, most_DAT women_NN2 find_VV0 their_APPGE confidence_NN1 and_CC self-esteem_NN1 restored_VVN and_CC problems_NN2 with_IW mood-swings_NN2 ,_, forgetfulness_NN1 and_CC anxiety_NN1 considerably_RR alleviated_VVN ._. 
HRT_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR of_IO benefit_NN1 for_IF the_AT intermediate_JJ symptoms_NN2 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX appear_VVI until_CS some_DD time_NNT1 after_CS periods_NN2 have_VH0 stopped_VVN but_CCB which_DDQ tend_VV0 to_TO get_VVI more_RGR noticeable_JJ and_CC troublesome_JJ as_II the_AT years_NNT2 go_VV0 by_RP ._. 
These_DD2 include_VV0 bladder_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 stress_NN1 incontinence_NN1 ,_, recurrent_JJ bacterial_JJ infections_NN2 ,_, vaginal_JJ dryness_NN1 ,_, pain_NN1 during_II sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 and_CC thinning_VVG skin_NN1 and_CC hair_NN1 ._. 
As_RG many_DA2 as_CSA 50_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 complain_VV0 of_IO vagina_NN1 or_CC bladder_NN1 problems_NN2 in_II the_AT years_NNT2 after_II the_AT menopause_NN1 ._. 
Marie_NP1 Brown_NP1 thought_VVD she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT fortunate_JJ ones_NN2 to_TO sail_VVI through_II unaffected_JJ ._. 
Then_RT ,_, two_MC or_CC three_MC years_NNT2 after_II her_APPGE periods_NN2 stopped_VVD ,_, she_PPHS1 encountered_VVD vaginal_JJ dryness_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 female_JJ GP_NN1 recommended_VVD KY_NP1 jelly_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX the_AT most_RGT enticing_JJ of_IO substances_NN2 ,_, and_CC Marie_NP1 returned_VVD to_II the_AT surgery_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 time_NNT1 to_TO see_VVI a_AT1 male_JJ GP_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 suggested_VVD HRT_NN1 ,_, adding_VVG ,_, '_" my_APPGE mother_NN1 recommends_VVZ it_PPH1 '_VBZ ._. 
Apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT shock_NN1 that_CST her_APPGE GP_NN1 saw_VVD her_PPHO1 in_II the_AT same_DA light_NN1 as_CSA his_APPGE aged_JJ mother_NN1 ,_, Marie_NP1 has_VHZ never_RR looked_VVN back_RP ._. 
She_PPHS1 has_VHZ been_VBN on_II HRT_NN1 for_IF four_MC years_NNT2 ,_, has_VHZ never_RR suffered_VVN dryness_NN1 again_RT and_CC attributes_VVZ to_II it_PPH1 her_APPGE general_JJ energy_NN1 and_CC enjoyment_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 ._. 
The_AT long-term_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 are_VBR possibly_RR the_AT most_RGT important_JJ :_: an_AT1 increased_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO arterial_JJ disease_NN1 and_CC osteoporosis_NN1 ,_, where_CS bones_NN2 become_VV0 fragile_JJ and_CC brittle_JJ ._. 
Until_CS the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 40_MC or_CC 50_MC ,_, men_NN2 are_VBR far_RG more_RRR at_II risk_NN1 of_IO heart_NN1 disease_NN1 than_CSN women_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT protective_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ lowers_VVZ the_AT level_NN1 of_IO the_AT '_GE bad_JJ '_GE cholesterol_NN1 (_( low-density_JJ lipoprotein_NN1 )_) and_CC raises_VVZ the_AT level_NN1 of_IO the_AT '_GE good_JJ '_GE (_( high-density_JJ lipoprotein_NN1 )_) ._. 
But_CCB after_CS the_AT menopause_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 woman_NN1 's_GE risk_NN1 of_IO having_VHG a_AT1 heart_NN1 attack_NN1 or_CC stroke_VV0 increases_NN2 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Rosemary_NP1 Roe_NN of_IO the_AT National_JJ Osteoporosis_NN1 Society_NN1 ,_, oestrogen_NN1 therapy_NN1 can_VM also_RR reduce_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO coronary_JJ heart_NN1 disease_NN1 by_II as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA a_AT1 third_MD ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 further_JJR plus_II point_NN1 :_: at_II an_AT1 age_NN1 when_CS the_AT major_JJ arteries_NN2 of_IO the_AT body_NN1 are_VBR narrowing_VVG ,_, HRT_NN1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO widen_VVI them_PPHO2 and_CC so_RR allow_VVI blood_NN1 to_TO flow_VVI more_RGR freely_RR ._. 
Even_RR women_NN2 of_IO 70_MC can_VM benefit_VVI from_II this_DD1 protective_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO HRT_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR several_DA2 causes_NN2 of_IO osteoporosis_NN1 but_CCB the_AT most_RGT common_JJ is_VBZ lack_NN1 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 ._. 
Bone_NN1 contains_VVZ two_MC main_JJ types_NN2 of_IO cells_NN2 called_VVN ,_, confusingly_RR ,_, osteoclasts_NN2 and_CC osteoblasts_NN2 ._. 
All_DB through_II our_APPGE lives_NN2 ,_, the_AT osteoclasts_NN2 wear_VV0 away_RL microscopic_JJ craters_NN2 in_II the_AT bone_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT osteoblasts_NN2 fill_VV0 these_DD2 craters_NN2 with_IW newly_RR formed_VVN bone_NN1 ._. 
Oestrogen_NN1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT rate_NN1 at_II which_DDQ bone_NN1 is_VBZ dissolved_VVN and_CC to_TO increase_VVI the_AT rebuilding_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
Once_RR oestrogen_NN1 levels_NN2 fall_VV0 ,_, the_AT bone_NN1 becomes_VVZ less_RGR dense_JJ and_CC strong_JJ and_CC more_RGR liable_JJ to_II fracture_NN1 ._. 
Hip_NN1 fractures_NN2 are_VBR potentially_RR life_NN1 threatening_VVG (_( they_PPHS2 result_VV0 in_II 40_MC premature_JJ deaths_NN2 a_AT1 day_NNT1 )_) ,_, while_CS crushed_JJ spinal_JJ vertebrae_NN2 may_VM lead_VVI to_II back_NN1 pain_NN1 ,_, loss_NN1 of_IO height_NN1 and_CC mobility_NN1 ,_, and_CC eventually_RR curvature_NN1 of_IO the_AT spine_NN1 ._. 
Sometimes_RT a_AT1 vertebra_NN1 will_NN1 fracture_NN1 with_IW excruciating_JJ pain_NN1 ;_; on_II other_JJ occasions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM break_VVI painlessly_RR ._. 
Recent_JJ research_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST only_RR one_MC1 in_II ten_MC spinal_JJ fractures_NN2 is_VBZ being_VBG seen_VVN by_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 ._. 
The_AT stoop_NN1 known_VVN as_II Dowager_NN1 's_GE Hump_NN1 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II osteoporosis_NN1 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ considerable_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST starting_VVG oestrogen_NN1 therapy_NN1 within_II two_MC years_NNT2 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 ,_, and_CC staying_VVG on_II it_PPH1 for_IF at_RR21 least_RR22 five_MC years_NNT2 ,_, can_VM reduce_VVI your_APPGE risk_NN1 of_IO fracture_NN1 by_II 50_MC to_II 60_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 ._. 
If_CS you_PPY menopause_NN1 early_RR ,_, either_RR naturally_RR or_CC through_II hysterectomy_NN1 ,_, your_APPGE risk_NN1 of_IO osteoporosis_NN1 is_VBZ far_RR greater_JJR and_CC the_AT National_JJ Osteoporosis_NN1 Society_NN1 recommends_VVZ you_PPY stay_VV0 on_II it_PPH1 longer_RRR ._. 
But_CCB if_CS HRT_NN1 can_VM achieve_VVI such_DA a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO benefits_NN2 ,_, why_RRQ are_VBR n't_XX women_NN2 queuing_VVG up_RP in_II droves_NN2 ?_? 
The_AT cloud_NN1 in_II this_DD1 particular_JJ silver_NN1 lining_NN1 is_VBZ progestogen_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 synthetic_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT hormone_NN1 progesterone_NN1 ._. 
Progesterone_NN1 is_VBZ produced_VVN in_II the_AT ovaries_NN2 after_II the_AT ovulation_NN1 phase_NN1 of_IO the_AT menstrual_JJ cycle_NN1 and_CC among_II its_APPGE functions_NN2 ,_, prepares_VVZ the_AT womb_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 fertilised_JJ egg_NN1 by_II thickening_VVG the_AT lining_NN1 of_IO the_AT womb_NN1 ._. 
During_II a_AT1 cycle_NN1 which_DDQ does_VDZ n't_XX result_VVI in_II pregnancy_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT production_NN1 of_IO progesterone_NN1 which_DDQ contributes_VVZ to_II pre-menstrual_JJ bloating_NN1 ,_, breast_NN1 tenderness_NN1 and_CC general_JJ irritability_NN1 ._. 
Progesterone_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR a_AT1 mixed_JJ blessing_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE presence_NN1 in_II HRT_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT single_JJ most_RGT important_JJ reason_NN1 why_RRQ women_NN2 abandon_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 
In_II the_AT 1950s_MC2 and_CC 1960s_MC2 ,_, oestrogen_NN1 therapy_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN by_II women_NN2 in_II America_NP1 so_RR the_AT phrase_NN1 went_VVD they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI '_GE feminine_JJ forever_RT '_GE ._. 
But_CCB by_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 ,_, a_AT1 link_NN1 was_VBDZ discovered_VVN with_IW an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II cancer_NN1 of_IO the_AT endometrium_NN1 (_( the_AT lining_NN1 of_IO the_AT womb_NN1 )_) ._. 
It_PPH1 emerged_VVD that_CST when_CS oestrogen_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN on_RP its_APPGE own_DA ,_, the_AT lining_NN1 of_IO the_AT womb_NN1 would_VM build_VVI up_RP each_DD1 month_NNT1 and_CC remain_VVI there_RL instead_II21 of_II22 being_VBG shed_VVN as_II a_AT1 period_NN1 ._. 
Eventually_RR ,_, the_AT lining_NN1 would_VM become_VVI abnormally_RR thickened_VVN and_CC in_II some_DD women_NN2 it_PPH1 became_VVD cancerous_JJ ._. 
The_AT solution_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO add_VVI a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO the_AT hormone_NN1 progesterone_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT lining_NN1 was_VBDZ shed_VVN not_XX as_II a_AT1 period_NN1 but_CCB as_II an_AT1 artificial_JJ withdrawal_NN1 bleed_VV0 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ still_RR the_AT norm_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 not_XX had_VHN a_AT1 hysterectomy_NN1 :_: by_II taking_VVG progestogen_NN1 with_IW oestrogen_NN1 for_IF ten_MC to_II 12_MC days_NNT2 each_DD1 month_NNT1 ,_, cancer_NN1 of_IO the_AT endometrium_NN1 is_VBZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 an_AT1 increased_JJ risk_NN1 ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ less_DAR of_IO a_AT1 risk_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 taking_VVG combined_JJ HRT_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 on_II none_PN ._. 
For_IF most_DAT women_NN2 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 one_MC1 advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT menopause_NN1 is_VBZ no_AT more_DAR periods_NN2 ,_, yet_RR here_RL they_PPHS2 are_VBR again_RT ,_, albeit_CS in_II lighter_JJR form_NN1 ._. 
And_CC with_IW them_PPHO2 PMT_NP1 weight_NN1 gain_NN1 ,_, irritability_NN1 ,_, acne_NN1 ,_, greasy_JJ skin_NN1 ,_, low_JJ interest_NN1 in_II sex_NN1 ._. 
Small_NP1 wonder_VV0 many_DA2 women_NN2 call_VV0 a_AT1 halt_NN1 ._. 
Nicol_NP1 's_GE message_NN1 is_VBZ do_VD0 n't_XX be_VBI put_VVN off_RP ,_, particularly_RR now_RT when_CS research_NN1 is_VBZ moving_VVG fast_RR ._. 
Some_DD symptoms_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 weight_NN1 gain_NN1 vanish_VV0 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA accord_NN1 ._. 
If_CS problems_NN2 do_VD0 remain_VVI after_II two_MC or_CC three_MC months_NNT2 ,_, ask_VV0 your_APPGE doctor_NN1 about_II changing_VVG to_II a_AT1 different_JJ type_NN1 of_IO progestogen_NN1 ._. 
'_" There_EX are_VBR different_JJ types_NN2 available_JJ ,_, and_CC various_JJ dosages_NN2 within_II each_DD1 type_NN1 ,_, so_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ chance_NN1 you_PPY will_VM eventually_RR find_VVI a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 and_CC progesterone_VVI that_CST suits_VVZ you_PPY ._. 
'_GE The_AT good_JJ news_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 research_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG done_VDN into_II new_JJ and_CC better_JJR progestogens_NN2 ._. 
Until_II recently_RR ,_, this_DD1 hormone_NN1 could_VM only_RR be_VBI taken_VVN in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO tablets_NN2 by_II mouth_NN1 ._. 
As_RG much_DA1 of_IO the_AT oestrogen_NN1 gets_VVZ lost_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 passes_VVZ through_II the_AT digestive_JJ system_NN1 ,_, quite_RG a_AT1 large_JJ dose_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN initially_RR and_CC this_DD1 large_JJ dose_NN1 causes_VVZ most_DAT side-effects_NN2 ._. 
Progestogen_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT available_JJ in_II a_AT1 combined_JJ progestogen_NN1 and_CC oestrogen_NN1 patch_NN1 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 form_NN1 ,_, the_AT two_MC hormones_NN2 are_VBR absorbed_VVN by_II the_AT skin_NN1 and_CC since_CS the_AT digestive_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ avoided_VVN ,_, a_AT1 much_RR lower_JJR dose_NN1 can_VM be_VBI given_VVN to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT desired_JJ effect_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR reducing_VVG the_AT side-effects_NN2 ._. 
'_" There_EX remains_VVZ one_MC1 other_JJ fly_NN1 in_II the_AT ointment_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 significant_JJ one_PN1 at_II that_CST a_AT1 greater_JJR chance_NN1 of_IO developing_JJ breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 appears_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT length_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 HRT_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN and_CC the_AT higher_JJR the_AT dose_NN1 of_IO oestrogen_NN1 ._. 
There_EX appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI no_AT significant_JJ risk_NN1 to_II women_NN2 who_PNQS take_VV0 it_PPH1 for_IF less_DAR than_CSN five_MC years_NNT2 but_CCB the_AT risk_NN1 does_VDZ increase_VVI slightly_RR between_II five_MC and_CC ten_MC years_NNT2 ,_, and_CC taking_VVG it_PPH1 for_IF more_DAR than_CSN 15_MC years_NNT2 gives_VVZ a_AT1 higher_JJR risk_NN1 still_RR ._. 
'_" One_MC1 day_NNT1 ,_, '_" says_VVZ Nicol_NP1 ,_, '_GE medicine_NN1 will_VM come_VVI with_IW a_AT1 treatment_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ 100_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 effective_JJ ,_, 100_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 safe_JJ and_CC totally_RR without_IW side-effects_NN2 in_II anybody_PN1 ._. 
But_CCB do_VD0 n't_XX hold_VVI your_APPGE breath_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Marie_NP1 Brown_NP1 is_VBZ happy_JJ to_TO stay_VVI with_IW HRT_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI vaginal_JJ dryness_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 symptom_NN1 that_CST rarely_RR goes_VVZ away_RL with_IW time_NNT1 ._. 
She_PPHS1 is_VBZ also_RR determined_VVN to_TO prevent_VVI osteoporosis_NN1 ,_, having_VHG seen_VVN a_AT1 friend_NN1 confined_VVN to_II a_AT1 wheelchair_NN1 with_IW the_AT disease_NN1 until_CS she_PPHS1 started_VVD HRT_NN1 ._. 
She_PPHS1 is_VBZ aware_JJ of_IO the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 but_CCB attends_VVZ regular_JJ breast_NN1 screening_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ content_JJ to_TO rest_VVI the_AT scales_NN2 there_RL ._. 
HRT_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ Rosemary_NP1 Nicol_NP1 ,_, will_VM not_XX achieve_VVI miracles_NN2 ._. 
'_" If_CSW your_APPGE husband_NN1 is_VBZ glancing_VVG sideways_RL at_II younger_JJR women_NN2 ,_, your_APPGE elderly_JJ parents_NN2 are_VBR driving_VVG you_PPY mad_JJ and_CC your_APPGE daughter_NN1 looks_VVZ now_RT how_RRQ you_PPY would_VM like_VVI to_TO look_VVI ,_, HRT_NN1 will_VM not_XX magically_RR put_VVI your_APPGE world_NN1 to_II rights_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 will_VM make_VVI you_PPY feel_VVI better_RRR able_JK to_TO cope_VVI with_IW what_DDQ the_AT world_NN1 is_VBZ throwing_VVG at_II you_PPY and_CC it_PPH1 will_VM give_VVI you_PPY a_AT1 better_JJR feeling_NN1 about_II yourself_PPX1 ._. 
'_GE Ultimately_RR ,_, it_PPH1 comes_VVZ down_RP to_II a_AT1 trade-off_NN1 between_II symptoms_NN2 and_CC risks_NN2 ,_, side-effects_NN2 and_CC benefits_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB Nicol_NP1 suggests_VVZ the_AT side-effects_NN2 are_VBR getting_VVG rarer_JJR and_CC the_AT benefits_NN2 more_RGR pronounced_JJ ._. 
If_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ n't_XX work_VVI for_IF you_PPY ,_, she_PPHS1 argues_VVZ ,_, discuss_VV0 it_PPH1 with_IW your_APPGE GP_NN1 and_CC if_CS he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 is_VBZ not_XX sympathetic_JJ ,_, ask_VV0 to_TO see_VVI a_AT1 gynaecologist_NN1 or_CC attend_VV0 a_AT1 menopause_NN1 clinic_NN1 ._. 
'_" Do_VD0 n't_XX be_VBI afraid_JJ of_IO being_VBG thought_VVN a_AT1 member_NN1 of_IO the_AT awkward_JJ squad_NN1 :_: it_PPH1 's_VBZ your_APPGE body_NN1 ,_, and_CC oestrogen_NN1 replacement_NN1 could_VM make_VVI all_DB the_AT difference_NN1 to_II your_APPGE present_JJ well-being_NN1 and_CC future_JJ health_NN1 ._. 
'_GE The_AT eminent_JJ gynaecologist_NN1 John_NP1 Studd_NP1 is_VBZ no_AT less_RGR enthusiastic_JJ ._. 
He_PPHS1 describes_VVZ HRT_NN1 as_II '_GE probably_RR the_AT most_RGT important_JJ advance_NN1 in_II preventive_JJ medicine_NN1 in_II the_AT western_JJ world_NN1 for_IF half_DB a_AT1 century_NNT1 '_GE ._. 
The_AT National_JJ Osteoporosis_NN1 Society_NN1 concludes_VVZ that_CST ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT lower_JJR incidence_NN1 of_IO heart_NN1 disease_NN1 and_CC hip_NN1 fractures_NN2 ,_, women_NN2 on_II HRT_NN1 live_VV0 ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, three_MC years_NNT2 longer_RRR ._. 
'_" There_EX is_VBZ no_AT doubt_NN1 that_CST the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO taking_VVG HRT_NN1 are_VBR relatively_RR much_DA1 fewer_DAR in_II comparison_NN1 to_II the_AT benefits_NN2 it_PPH1 provides_VVZ ._. 
'_" As_CSA one_PN1 who_PNQS takes_VVZ HRT_NN1 ,_, Marie_NP1 Brown_NP1 says_VVZ she_PPHS1 would_VM recommend_VVI it_PPH1 to_II anyone_PN1 ._. 
At_II 56_MC ,_, she_PPHS1 works_VVZ full-time_JJ ,_, runs_VVZ a_AT1 home_NN1 ,_, enjoys_VVZ hill_NN1 walking_NN1 and_CC to_II my_APPGE eyes_NN2 ,_, looks_VVZ terrific_JJ ._. 
HRT_NN1 and_CC the_AT Menopause_NN1 ,_, by_II the_AT National_JJ Osteoporosis_NN1 Society_NN1 ,_, 1_MC1 plus_II sae_NN1 for_IF 34p_NNU ._. 
Hormone_NN1 Replacement_NN1 Therapy_NN1 ,_, Your_APPGE Guide_NN1 to_II Making_VVG an_AT1 Informed_JJ Choice_NN1 ,_, by_II Rosemary_NP1 Nicol_NP1 ,_, published_VVN by_II Vermilion_NP1 ,_, 6.99_MC ._. 
Lifestyle_NN1 invites_VVZ readers_NN2 to_TO submit_VVI their_APPGE own_DA views_NN2 and_CC experiences_NN2 of_IO HRT_NN1 ._. 
Global_JJ warming_NN1 The_AT scientific_JJ community_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX '_GE pretty_RG well_RR agreed_VVN that_CST adding_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 ..._... to_II the_AT air_NN1 strengthens_VVZ the_AT natural_JJ processes_NN2 which_DDQ beat_VV0 the_AT Earth_NN1 '_GE (_( William_NP1 Halkett_NP1 ,_, Points_NN2 of_IO View_NN1 ,_, 3_MC March_NPM1 )_) ._. 
Last_MD December_NPM1 ,_, Dick_NP1 Lindzen_NP1 ,_, professor_NN1 of_IO meteorology_NN1 at_II the_AT Massachusetts_NP1 Institute_NN1 of_IO Technology_NN1 ,_, told_VVD the_AT Royal_JJ Meteorological_JJ Society_NN1 in_II London_NP1 that_CST the_AT greenhouse_NN1 effect_NN1 will_VM have_VHI little_DA1 impact_NN1 on_II climates_NN2 and_CC that_DD1 changing_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 levels_NN2 will_VM not_XX be_VBI a_AT1 factor_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE conclusion_NN1 coincides_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 tide_NN1 of_IO concern_NN1 among_II mainstream_JJ researchers_NN2 about_II possible_JJ failings_NN2 in_II their_APPGE predictions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 warmer_JJR world_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI fair_JJ to_TO say_VVI that_CST the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO anthropogenic_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 on_II the_AT world_NN1 's_GE climate_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX known_VVN ._. 
Consequently_RR ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI foolish_JJ to_TO make_VVI drastic_JJ changes_NN2 in_II energy_NN1 policy_NN1 until_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ danger_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX follow_VVI ,_, as_CSA Eric_NP1 Stockton_NP1 (_( also_RR Points_VVZ of_IO View_NN1 ,_, 3_MC March_NPM1 )_) ,_, claims_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 nuclear_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX needed_VVN ._. 
Nor_CC is_VBZ it_PPH1 true_JJ that_CST the_AT nuclear_JJ industry_NN1 claims_VVZ that_CST the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 is_VBZ its_APPGE raison_NN121 d'etre_NN122 ._. 
Nuclear_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO obviate_VVI the_AT need_NN1 to_TO cover_VVI the_AT land_NN1 with_IW wind-generators_NN2 and_CC the_AT sea_NN1 with_IW wave-generators_NN2 ,_, to_TO fill_VVI the_AT valleys_NN2 with_IW hydro-electric_JJ schemes_NN2 ,_, to_TO fit_VVI expensive_JJ desulphurisation_NN1 and_CC denitrification_NN1 plants_NN2 to_II coal-fired_JJ power_NN1 stations_NN2 to_TO dash_VVI for_IF gas_NN1 ._. 
Nuclear_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR needed_VVN to_TO keep_VVI the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO electricity_NN1 down_RP ._. 
A_AT1 sickness_NN1 which_DDQ stems_VVZ from_II healthy_JJ practice_NN1 Hundreds_NNO2 of_IO sheep_NN farmers_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN struck_VVN by_II the_AT side_NN1 effects_NN2 of_IO organophosphorus_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 chemical_NN1 used_VVN in_II animal_NN1 dip_NN1 ._. 
Auslan_NP1 Cramb_NP1 reports_VVZ on_II claims_NN2 that_CST it_PPH1 causes_VVZ severe_JJ illness_NN1 WARWICK_NP1 Wilson_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 36-year-old_JJ Alness_NP1 farmer_NN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ suffered_VVN a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO sensation_NN1 in_II his_APPGE hands_NN2 and_CC feet_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 experiences_VVZ excessive_JJ tiredness_NN1 ,_, physically_RR and_CC mentally_RR ,_, his_APPGE memory_NN1 is_VBZ bad_JJ and_CC he_PPHS1 finds_VVZ it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO concentrate_VVI ._. 
He_PPHS1 has_VHZ all_RR21 but_RR22 given_VVN up_RP hard_RR physical_JJ work_NN1 on_II his_APPGE farm_NN1 ._. 
And_CC he_PPHS1 blames_VVZ sheep_NN dip_VV0 for_IF his_APPGE condition_NN1 ._. 
More_DAR than_CSN anything_PN1 ,_, Wilson_NP1 misses_VVZ the_AT fun_NN1 and_CC games_NN2 that_CST he_PPHS1 should_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO enjoy_VVI with_IW his_APPGE three_MC young_JJ children_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST he_PPHS1 did_VDD enjoy_VVI ,_, before_CS the_AT symptoms_NN2 began_VVD ._. 
He_PPHS1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO hundreds_NNO2 of_IO sheep_NN farmers_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR convinced_VVN their_APPGE illness_NN1 often_RR accompanied_VVN by_II nausea_NN1 ,_, headaches_NN2 ,_, blurred_VVD vision_NN1 and_CC muscle_NN1 spasms_NN2 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II organophosphorus_NN1 (_( OP_NN1 )_) compounds_VVZ in_II sheep_NN dip_VV0 ._. 
And_CC he_PPHS1 complains_VVZ bitterly_RR that_DD1 exhaustive_JJ health_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX done_VDN years_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 
Recently_RR ,_, Wilson_NP1 was_VBDZ part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 clinical_JJ study_NN1 which_DDQ adds_VVZ considerable_JJ weight_NN1 to_II repeated_JJ claims_NN2 that_CST the_AT liquids_NN2 used_VVN on_II 95,000_MC British_JJ farms_NN2 ,_, to_TO treat_VVI 40_MC million_NNO sheep_NN ,_, could_VM be_VBI the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO permanent_JJ damage_NN1 to_II the_AT nervous_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 ,_, carried_VVN out_RP by_II Dr_NNB Goran_NP1 Jamal_NP1 at_II Glasgow_NP1 's_GE Southern_JJ General_JJ Hospital_NN1 ,_, will_VM be_VBI revealed_VVN tonight_RT on_II a_AT1 Channel_NN1 4_MC Close_JJ to_II Home_NN1 documentary_NN1 ,_, produced_VVN by_II the_AT Edinburgh_NP1 independent_JJ company_NN1 ,_, Barony_NN1 Film_NN1 and_CC Television_NN1 Productions_NN2 ._. 
'_" What_DDQ this_DD1 study_NN1 showed_VVD ,_, '_GE said_VVD Dr_NNB Jamal_NP1 '_GE is_VBZ undisputed_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO peripheral_JJ nerve_NN1 damage_NN1 ._. 
Organophosphate_NN1 should_VM remain_VVI in_II the_AT dock_NN1 until_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ proven_JJ innocent_JJ ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 carried_VVD out_RP 24_MC tests_NN2 on_II 16_MC randomly_RR selected_JJ farmers_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD complained_VVN of_IO debilitating_JJ illness_NN1 following_VVG dipping_NN1 ._. 
In_II all_DB 16_MC cases_NN2 he_PPHS1 found_VVD nerve_NN1 damage_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 ,_, on_II virtually_RR every_AT1 test_NN1 ,_, differed_VVD markedly_RR from_II a_AT1 control_NN1 group_NN1 of_IO healthy_JJ adults_NN2 ._. 
For_IF many_DA2 of_IO the_AT farmers_NN2 involved_VVD ,_, the_AT news_NN1 is_VBZ devastating_JJ ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ what_DDQ they_PPHS2 had_VHD feared_VVN ._. 
A_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 are_VBR incapable_JJ of_IO heavy_JJ work_NN1 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 given_VVN up_RP their_APPGE farms_NN2 ._. 
The_AT findings_NN2 were_VBDR entirely_RR consistent_JJ with_IW organophosphorus_NN1 poisoning_NN1 ._. 
The_AT damage_NN1 may_VM be_VBI permanent_JJ ,_, and_CC treatment_NN1 is_VBZ non-existent_JJ ._. 
The_AT programme_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX apportion_VVI blame_NN1 ,_, or_CC claim_VV0 a_AT1 conclusive_JJ link_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 points_VVZ up_RP the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO long-term_JJ monitoring_NN1 on_II people_NN working_VVG with_IW the_AT chemicals_NN2 ,_, and_CC suggests_VVZ warning_NN1 labels_NN2 on_II the_AT products_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX always_RR make_VVI clear_JJ what_DDQ type_NN1 of_IO protective_JJ clothing_NN1 is_VBZ suitable_JJ ._. 
The_AT issue_NN1 of_IO clothing_NN1 is_VBZ crucial_JJ to_II the_AT debate_NN1 ,_, although_CS critics_NN2 question_VV0 whether_CSW such_DA dangerous_JJ chemicals_NN2 should_VM be_VBI used_VVN under_II any_DD conditions_NN2 ._. 
Today_RT the_AT Government_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR advising_VVG farmers_NN2 that_CST the_AT products_NN2 if_CS used_VVN properly_RR are_VBR safe_JJ ._. 
The_AT labelling_NN1 on_II the_AT concentrated_JJ dip_NN1 does_VDZ include_VVI safety_NN1 instructions_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, on_II the_AT brand_NN1 checked_VVN by_II The_AT Scotsman_NN1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 face_NN1 shield_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR advised_VVN while_CS mixing_VVG the_AT concentrate_NN1 ,_, and_CC not_XX while_CS dipping_VVG ._. 
Warning_NN1 instructions_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX suggest_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO respirators_NN2 ._. 
In_II reality_NN1 ,_, few_DA2 farmers_NN2 wear_VV0 complete_JJ protection_NN1 at_II the_AT tank_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT operation_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG messy_JJ that_CST liquid_NN1 is_VBZ bound_VVNK to_TO get_VVI on_II the_AT smallest_JJT area_NN1 of_IO exposed_JJ skin_NN1 ._. 
And_CC there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 body_NN1 of_IO opinion_NN1 which_DDQ suggests_VVZ damage_NN1 can_VM be_VBI caused_VVN by_II inhalation_NN1 ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA through_II direct_JJ contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT skin_NN1 or_CC mouth_NN1 ._. 
For_IF years_NNT2 farmers_NN2 have_VH0 complained_VVN of_IO temporary_JJ '_GE dipping_JJ flu_NN1 '_GE ,_, after_II treating_VVG their_APPGE sheep_NN ._. 
With_IW legal_JJ action_NN1 now_RT a_AT1 possibility_NN1 ,_, the_AT Government_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE agencies_NN2 ,_, confronted_VVN with_IW dozens_NNO2 of_IO testimonies_NN2 like_II Wilson_NP1 's_GE ,_, has_VHZ agreed_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI ._. 
The_AT Veterinary_JJ Products_NN2 Committee_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ advises_VVZ the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Agriculture_NN1 ,_, Fisheries_NN2 and_CC Food_NN1 ,_, will_VM report_VVI this_DD1 summer_NNT1 on_II a_AT1 review_NN1 of_IO the_AT evidence_NN1 on_II OP_NN1 dips_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ taking_VVG submissions_NN2 from_II the_AT manufacturers_NN2 ,_, and_CC from_II the_AT National_JJ Poisons_NN2 Unit_NN1 at_II Guy_NP1 's_GE Hospital_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, new_JJ research_NN1 is_VBZ confined_VVN to_II three_MC studies_NN2 ,_, two_MC of_IO which_DDQ are_VBR considering_VVG the_AT question_NN1 of_IO protective_JJ clothing_NN1 ._. 
The_AT third_MD ,_, by_II the_AT Health_NN1 and_CC Safety_NN1 Executive_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ being_VBG carried_VVN out_RP at_II Birmingham_NP1 University_NN1 and_CC will_VM consider_VVI the_AT neuro-physiological_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO OP_NN1 poisoning_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 will_VM not_XX report_VVI before_II 1995_MC ._. 
In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 ,_, opposition_NN1 to_II the_AT dips_NN2 is_VBZ gathering_VVG pace_NN1 ._. 
MPs_NN2 have_VH0 urged_VVN the_AT agriculture_NN1 minister_NN1 ,_, John_NP1 Gummer_NP1 ,_, to_TO introduce_VVI a_AT1 moratorium_NN1 on_II the_AT chemicals_NN2 in_II advance_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 year_NNT1 's_GE summer_NNT1 dipping_JJ season_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT VPC_NP1 may_VM make_VVI an_AT1 announcement_NN1 on_II the_AT proposal_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 meets_VVZ next_MD Thursday_NPD1 ._. 
Tomorrow_RT ,_, in_II a_AT1 motion_NN1 before_II the_AT Commons_NP ,_, a_AT1 cross-party_JJ group_NN1 of_IO MPs_NNU will_VM ask_VVI the_AT Government_NN1 to_TO comment_VVI on_II the_AT evidence_NN1 revealed_VVN by_II Channel_NN1 4_MC ._. 
And_CC earlier_RRR this_DD1 week_NNT1 ,_, a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO lawyers_NN2 representing_VVG sufferers_NN2 in_II Scotland_NP1 ,_, England_NP1 and_CC Wales_NP1 ,_, met_VVD to_TO consider_VVI court_NN1 action_NN1 ._. 
There_EX have_VH0 been_VBN successful_JJ cases_NN2 over_II OP_NN1 poisoning_VVG in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ,_, but_CCB none_PN so_RG far_RR involving_VVG sheep_NN dip_VV0 ._. 
If_CS action_NN1 is_VBZ forthcoming_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI directed_VVN initially_RR at_II the_AT Government_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT chemical_JJ companies_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 complied_VVN with_IW the_AT necessary_JJ tests_NN2 and_CC procedures_NN2 required_VVN to_TO have_VHI the_AT chemicals_NN2 licenced_VVN ._. 
The_AT manufacturers_NN2 '_GE own_DA organisation_NN1 ,_, the_AT National_JJ Office_NN1 of_IO Animal_NN1 Health_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ reaffirmed_VVN its_APPGE commitment_NN1 to_II the_AT dips_NN2 ._. 
NOAH_NP1 said_VVD they_PPHS2 continued_VVD to_TO provide_VVI '_GE the_AT widest_JJT protection_NN1 against_II sheep_NN parasites_NN2 '_GE ,_, and_CC repeated_VVD the_AT claim_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS complained_VVD of_IO illness_NN1 had_VHD not_XX followed_VVN safety_NN1 instructions_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 farming_NN1 area_NN1 has_VHZ already_RR made_VVN its_APPGE mind_NN1 up_RP ,_, ahead_II21 of_II22 the_AT latest_JJT investigations_NN2 ._. 
The_AT owners_NN2 of_IO Shetland_NP1 's_GE 500,000_MC sheep_NN are_VBR being_VBG urged_VVN to_TO switch_VVI to_II more_RGR expensive_JJ ,_, more_RGR environmentally-friendly_JJ products_NN2 ._. 
Shetland_NP1 Islands_NNL2 Council_NN1 is_VBZ paying_VVG a_AT1 '_GE green_NN1 '_GE supplement_NN1 of_IO 35_MC a_AT1 litre_NNU1 to_TO encourage_VVI the_AT change_NN1 ._. 
Carly_RR starts_VVZ pioneering_JJ gene_NN1 therapy_NN1 Treatment_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 eight-month-old_JJ baby_NN1 could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 major_JJ step_NN1 forward_RL in_II treating_VVG many_DA2 inherited_JJ disorders_NN2 ,_, writes_VVZ Gillian_NP1 Harris_NP1 AN_AT1 EIGHT-MONTH-OLD_JJ girl_NN1 from_II Lennoxtown_NP1 ,_, Stirlingshire_NP1 ,_, made_VVD British_JJ medical_JJ history_NN1 yesterday_RT when_CS she_PPHS1 became_VVD the_AT first_MD person_NN1 to_TO start_VVI gene_NN1 therapy_NN1 to_TO combat_VVI a_AT1 potentially_RR fatal_JJ deficiency_NN1 ._. 
Carly_NP1 Todd_NP1 received_VVD the_AT first_MD stage_NN1 of_IO the_AT treatment_NN1 at_II Great_NP1 Ormond_NP1 Street_NNL1 Hospital_NN1 in_II London_NP1 ._. 
Doctors_NN2 removed_VVD bone_NN1 marrow_NN1 from_II her_APPGE pelvis_NN1 into_II which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI injected_VVN specially_RR altered_JJ genes_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR responsible_JJ for_IF making_VVG the_AT cells_NN2 of_IO the_AT immune_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
Carly_RR suffers_VVZ from_II an_AT1 immune_JJ system_NN1 deficiency_NN1 which_DDQ killed_VVD her_APPGE 14-month-old_JJ brother_NN1 Greig_NN1 four_MC days_NNT2 before_CS she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ born_VVN ._. 
Her_APPGE body_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX make_VVI an_AT1 enzyme_NN1 called_VVN Adenosine_NP1 Deaminase_NP1 (_( ADA_NP1 )_) which_DDQ is_VBZ needed_VVN for_IF a_AT1 fully_RR developed_VVN immune_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
Without_IW it_PPH1 she_PPHS1 is_VBZ vulnerable_JJ to_II infection_NN1 which_DDQ her_APPGE body_NN1 can_VM not_XX fight_VVI ._. 
Most_DAT sufferers_NN2 die_VV0 in_II childhood_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, with_IW a_AT1 gene_NN1 transplant_NN1 ,_, doctors_NN2 at_II Great_NP1 Ormond_NP1 Street_NNL1 who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN working_VVG with_IW scientists_NN2 from_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Leiden_NN1 in_II Holland_NP1 hope_NN1 to_II reprogramme_NN1 Carly_NP1 's_GE genes_NN2 to_TO enable_VVI her_PPHO1 to_TO protect_VVI herself_PPX1 against_II infection_NN1 ._. 
Gareth_NP1 Morgan_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 senior_JJ lecturer_NN1 in_II immunology_NN1 ,_, said_VVD :_: '_GE The_AT proposed_JJ treatment_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 novel_JJ strategy_NN1 for_IF the_AT management_NN1 of_IO genetic_JJ defects_NN2 and_CC results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 particular_JJ case_NN1 will_VM be_VBI closely_RR observed_VVN as_CSA it_PPH1 may_VM open_VVI the_AT way_NN1 forward_RL for_IF the_AT treatment_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 more_DAR inherited_JJ disorders_NN2 ._. 
'_" For_IF the_AT next_MD few_DA2 days_NNT2 the_AT bone_NN1 marrow_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ taken_VVN from_II Carly_NP1 will_VM be_VBI incubated_VVN with_IW the_AT reprogrammed_JJ cells_NN2 in_II a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 in_II Leiden_NP1 ._. 
It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI returned_VVN to_II Great_NP1 Ormond_NP1 Street_NNL1 on_II Monday_NPD1 and_CC given_VVN to_II Carly_NP1 ,_, probably_RR through_II a_AT1 drip_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 spokeswoman_NN1 for_IF the_AT hospital_NN1 said_VVD :_: '_" It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI a_AT1 couple_NN1 of_IO months_NNT2 before_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM tell_VVI if_CSW the_AT treatment_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN successful_JJ ._. 
In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 we_PPIS2 will_VM monitor_VVI her_APPGE progress_NN1 very_RG closely_RR ._. 
'_GE After_II a_AT1 fortnight_NNT1 Carly_NP1 will_VM undergo_VVI blood_NN1 tests_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 doctors_NN2 can_VM check_VVI for_IF any_DD chemical_JJ alterations_NN2 ._. 
Previous_JJ experiments_NN2 with_IW gene_NN1 therapy_NN1 ,_, involving_VVG one_MC1 Italian_NN1 and_CC two_MC American_JJ children_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 so_RG far_RR only_RR altered_JJ blood_NN1 cells_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 bone_NN1 marrow_NN1 cells_NN2 and_CC have_VH0 had_VHN to_TO be_VBI repeated_VVN monthly_JJ because_II21 of_II22 the_AT cells_NN2 '_GE limited_JJ life_NN1 span_NN1 ._. 
If_CS successful_JJ ,_, gene_NN1 therapy_NN1 could_VM eventually_RR offer_VVI effective_JJ treatment_NN1 for_IF as_RG many_DA2 as_CSA 4,000_MC hereditary_JJ illnesses_NN2 ,_, including_II cystic_JJ fibrosis_NN1 ._. 
Permission_NN1 to_TO manipulate_VVI human_JJ genes_NN2 was_VBDZ given_VVN to_II Dr_NNB Morgan_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE team_NN1 by_II the_AT Clothier_NN1 committee_NN1 ,_, the_AT Government_NN1 's_GE advisory_JJ body_NN1 on_II the_AT ethics_NN of_IO gene_NN1 therapy_NN1 ._. 
Link_NN1 found_VVN between_II oil_NN1 workers_NN2 and_CC leukaemia_NN1 By_II Bryan_NP1 Christie_NP1 ,_, Health_NN1 Correspondent_NN1 AN_AT1 EXCESS_NN1 of_IO leukaemia_NN1 cases_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN found_VVN among_II children_NN2 in_II rural_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO Scotland_NP1 linked_VVD to_II the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT North_NP1 Sea_NNL1 oil_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 report_NN1 today_RT suggests_VVZ that_DD1 oil_NN1 workers_NN2 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT situation_NN1 by_II bringing_VVG in_II an_AT1 infectious_JJ agent_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 virus_NN1 against_II which_DDQ local_JJ children_NN2 had_VHD no_AT protection_NN1 ._. 
The_AT report_NN1 offers_VVZ further_JJR evidence_NN1 that_CST some_DD cases_NN2 of_IO childhood_NN1 leukaemia_NN1 may_VM be_VBI caused_VVN by_II infection_NN1 and_CC not_XX ,_, as_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN previously_RR been_VBN suggested_VVN ,_, by_II exposure_NN1 to_II such_DA things_NN2 as_CSA nuclear_JJ radiation_NN1 ._. 
Leukaemia_NN1 cases_NN2 in_II children_NN2 under_RG four_MC were_VBDR almost_RR double_VV0 the_AT expected_JJ number_NN1 in_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD the_AT highest_JJT concentrations_NN2 of_IO oil-related_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
Sixteen_MC cases_NN2 were_VBDR expected_VVN during_II 1979-83_MCMC but_CCB 31_MC actually_RR occurred_VVD ._. 
Dr_NNB Leo_NP1 Kinlen_NP1 ,_, the_AT director_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cancer_NN1 Research_NN1 Campaign_NN1 's_GE epidemiology_NN1 unit_NN1 in_II Oxford_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS carried_VVD out_RP the_AT research_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ produced_VVN a_AT1 series_NN of_IO studies_NN2 pointing_VVG to_II an_AT1 infectious_JJ agent_NN1 being_VBG involved_JJ in_II leukaemia_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE theory_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 leukaemia_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 rare_JJ response_NN1 to_II a_AT1 much_RR more_RGR common_JJ but_CCB ,_, as_RR21 yet_RR22 ,_, unidentified_JJ infection_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ transmitted_VVN when_CS large_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO people_NN from_II different_JJ backgrounds_NN2 come_VV0 together_RL ._. 
Dr_NNB Kinlen_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS previously_RR worked_VVN at_II Edinburgh_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ already_RR found_VVN an_AT1 excess_NN1 of_IO childhood_NN1 leukaemia_NN1 cases_NN2 around_II military_JJ camps_NN2 and_CC new_JJ towns_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ both_DB2 feature_VV0 large_JJ population_NN1 movements_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 decided_VVD to_TO test_VVI the_AT theory_NN1 further_RRR by_II examining_VVG the_AT background_NN1 of_IO more_DAR than_CSN 17,000_MC Scottish-based_JJ oil_NN1 workers_NN2 ._. 
The_AT crowded_JJ conditions_NN2 they_PPHS2 lived_VVD in_RP were_VBDR ideal_JJ for_IF passing_VVG on_II an_AT1 infectious_JJ agent_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 drew_VVD up_RP a_AT1 map_NN1 of_IO Scotland_NP1 based_VVN on_II where_RRQ the_AT men_NN2 lived_VVN and_CC found_VVN the_AT excess_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 in_II children_NN2 from_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD been_VBN exposed_VVN to_II those_DD2 men_NN2 ._. 
Although_CS more_DAR oil_NN1 workers_NN2 live_VV0 in_II urban_JJ areas_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Glasgow_NP1 and_CC Aberdeen_NP1 ,_, no_AT excess_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 was_VBDZ found_VVN there_RL ._. 
Dr_NNB Kinlen_NP1 says_VVZ children_NN2 in_II densely_RR populated_VVN urban_JJ areas_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN exposed_VVN to_II the_AT infectious_JJ agent_NN1 and_CC built_VVN up_RP an_AT1 immunity_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR in_II remote_JJ areas_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 never_RR been_VBN exposed_VVN to_II the_AT infection_NN1 that_CST the_AT problem_NN1 occurs_VVZ ._. 
He_PPHS1 has_VHZ also_RR examined_VVN the_AT well-publicised_JJ cluster_NN1 of_IO leukaemia_NN1 cases_NN2 around_II the_AT Dounreay_NN1 nuclear_JJ plant_NN1 and_CC concludes_VVZ it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN caused_VVN by_II exposure_NN1 to_II incoming_JJ oil_NN1 workers_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 radiation_NN1 from_II the_AT plant_NN1 ._. 
In_II his_APPGE report_NN1 ,_, published_VVD today_RT in_II the_AT British_JJ Medical_JJ Journal_NN1 ,_, Dr_NNB Kinlen_NP1 writes_VVZ :_: '_GE The_AT findings_NN2 support_VV0 the_AT infection_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 that_CST population_NN1 mixing_NN1 can_VM increase_VVI the_AT incidence_NN1 of_IO childhood_NN1 leukaemia_NN1 in_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 also_RR suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT recent_JJ excess_NN1 in_II the_AT Dounreay-Thurso_NP1 area_NN1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 population_NN1 mixing_NN1 linked_VVN to_II the_AT oil_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
'_GE The_AT theory_NN1 remains_VVZ a_AT1 controversial_JJ one_PN1 but_CCB Dr_NNB Kinlen_NP1 told_VVD The_AT Scotsman_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ becoming_VVG harder_JJR to_TO dismiss_VVI the_AT findings_NN2 as_II no_AT more_DAR than_CSN chance_NN1 ._. 
'_GE The_AT more_DAR studies_NN2 that_CST are_VBR done_VDN that_DD1 come_VV0 up_RP with_IW this_DD1 same_DA finding_NN1 ,_, the_AT more_RGR difficult_JJ it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO dismiss_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 is_VBZ now_RT investigating_VVG if_CS leukaemia_NN1 cases_NN2 rose_VVD in_II Orkney_NP1 and_CC Shetland_NP1 due_II21 to_II22 wartime_NN1 incomers_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ also_RR looking_VVG at_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO large_JJ construction_NN1 projects_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 in_II the_AT post-war_JJ period_NN1 ._. 
Sonar_NN1 attempt_NN1 to_TO free_VVI sperm_NN whales_NN2 CONSERVATIONISTS_NN2 striving_VVG to_TO free_VVI six_MC sperm_NN whales_NN2 trapped_VVN in_II Orkney_NP1 waters_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN offered_VVN underwater_JJ sonar_NN1 equipment_NN1 in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO lure_VVI the_AT stricken_JJ mammals_NN2 to_II safety_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 face_VV0 a_AT1 race_NN1 against_II time_NNT1 as_CSA fears_NN2 grow_VV0 over_RP the_AT health_NN1 of_IO the_AT whales_NN2 and_CC the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE becoming_JJ beached_JJ ._. 
The_AT sperm_NN whales_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN stranded_VVN in_II Scapa_NP1 Flow_NN1 for_IF several_DA2 weeks_NNT2 ._. 
Rescuers_NN2 have_VH0 tried_VVN unsuccessfully_RR to_TO drive_VVI them_PPHO2 out_RP into_II the_AT open_JJ sea_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 line_NN1 of_IO boats_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE engines_NN2 running_VVG ._. 
Earlier_RRR this_DD1 week_NNT1 Dr_NNB John_NP1 Goold_NN1 of_IO Bangor_NP1 University_NN1 arrived_VVD on_II Orkney_NP1 with_IW a_AT1 recording_NN1 of_IO female_JJ sperm_NN whales_NN2 from_II the_AT Azores_NP2 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN decided_VVN to_TO play_VVI the_AT tape_NN1 in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO entice_VVI them_PPHO2 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT enclosed_JJ channel_NN1 ._. 
There_EX was_VBDZ concern_NN1 that_CST the_AT hydrophonic_JJ amplification_NN1 equipment_NN1 needed_VVN for_IF such_DA a_AT1 rescue_NN1 operation_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX available_JJ ._. 
Yesterday_RT however_RR ,_, David_NP1 Goodson_NP1 of_IO Loughborough_NP1 University_NN1 offered_VVD the_AT team_NN1 of_IO biologists_NN2 ,_, naturalists_NN2 and_CC conservationists_NN2 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO underwater_JJ transducers_NN2 which_DDQ he_PPHS1 said_VVD should_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO produce_VVI the_AT right_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
Mr_NNB Goodson_NP1 ,_, of_IO the_AT university_NN1 's_GE electronic_JJ engineering_NN1 department_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ he_PPHS1 has_VHZ offered_VVN the_AT equipment_NN1 free_JJ of_IO charge_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 said_VVD the_AT gear_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 used_JJ for_IF sub-surface_NN1 profiling_VVG while_CS looking_VVG for_IF echoes_NN2 during_II North_NP1 Sea_NNL1 exploration_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ sitting_VVG unused_JJ in_II a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ high-powered_JJ and_CC the_AT tape_NN1 should_VM be_VBI audible_JJ to_II the_AT whales_NN2 from_II a_AT1 distance_NN1 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 two_MC miles_NNU2 ._. 
Mr_NNB Goodson_NP1 said_VVD it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI necessary_JJ for_IF the_AT transducer_NN1 to_TO be_VBI coupled_VVN to_II a_AT1 public_JJ address_NN1 amplifier_NN1 ,_, ideally_RR with_IW a_AT1 100-line_JJ output_NN1 transformer_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Basically_RR what_DDQ we_PPIS2 are_VBR offering_VVG is_VBZ an_AT1 underwater_JJ loudspeaker_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI hung_VVN over_II the_AT side_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 boat_NN1 and_CC the_AT tape_NN1 can_VM then_RT be_VBI played_VVN to_II the_AT whales_NN2 ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 acknowledged_VVD there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 transporting_VVG the_AT heavy_JJ ,_, bulky_JJ equipment_NN1 from_II Loughborough_NP1 to_II Orkney_NP1 and_CC recognised_VVD that_DD1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ of_IO the_AT essence_NN1 if_CS the_AT whales_NN2 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI saved_VVN ._. 
Andrew_NP1 Dorin_NP1 ,_, Scottish_JJ Natural_JJ Heritage_NN1 's_GE Orkney_NP1 officer_NN1 ,_, said_VVD yesterday_RT the_AT transducers_NN2 were_VBDR similar_JJ in_II size_NN1 to_II oil_NN1 drums_NN2 but_CCB that_DD1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR hoping_VVG to_TO find_VVI someone_PN1 prepared_VVN to_TO fly_VVI them_PPHO2 up_RP ._. 
Time_NNT1 for_IF a_AT1 total_JJ ban_NN1 on_II drift-nets_NN2 Chapman_NP1 Pincher_NP1 (_( '_GE Reeling_VVG over_RP a_AT1 savage_JJ blow_NN1 '_GE ,_, 13_MC March_NPM1 )_) has_VHZ directed_VVN timely_JJ attention_NN1 to_II those_DD2 obscene_JJ and_CC gravely_RR damaging_JJ practices_NN2 still_RR endorsed_VVN by_II the_AT Agriculture_NN1 and_CC Fisheries_NN2 Minister_VV0 ,_, John_NP1 Gummer_NP1 ,_, and_CC Whitehall_NP1 ,_, and_CC which_DDQ take_VV0 place_NN1 in_II the_AT coastal_JJ waters_NN2 from_II East_NP1 Anglia_NP1 to_II Northumberland_NP1 ,_, the_AT north-east_ND1 drift-nets_NN2 ._. 
Clearly_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM go_VVI ._. 
Their_APPGE five_MC years_NNT2 '_GE grace_NN1 is_VBZ up_RP (_( in_II fact_NN1 ,_, seven_MC years_NNT2 from_II demands_NN2 endorsed_VVN during_II the_AT 1986_MC Salmon_NN Bill_NN1 proceedings_NN2 )_) ._. 
Mr_NNB Pincher_NP1 is_VBZ right_JJ ._. 
Much_RR depends_VVZ on_II organised_JJ pressure_NN1 by_II local_JJ concerned_JJ interests_NN2 and_CC individuals_NN2 resident_NN1 in_II the_AT '_GE salmon_NN constituencies_NN2 '_GE of_IO Scotland_NP1 ._. 
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 referred_VVN to_II this_DD1 elsewhere_RL as_II the_AT '_GE demonstration_NN1 effect_NN1 '_GE ._. 
Area_NN1 MPs_NN2 have_VH0 still_RR to_TO be_VBI convinced_VVN that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT sporting_JJ fishery_NN1 which_DDQ butters_VVZ their_APPGE electoral_JJ bread_NN1 ._. 
To_II this_DD1 point_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT tiny_JJ netting_NN1 minority_NN1 which_DDQ continues_VVZ to_TO do_VDI its_APPGE Houdini_NP1 act_NN1 and_CC manages_VVZ to_TO retain_VVI '_GE residential_JJ respectability_NN1 '_GE and_CC political_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
People_NN in_II the_AT south_ND1 ,_, in_II the_AT European_NN1 ,_, North_NP1 American_JJ and_CC international_JJ salmon_NN community_NN1 continue_VV0 to_TO push_VVI hard_RR ._. 
The_AT current_NN1 '_GE Ban_NN1 the_AT drift-nets_NN2 '_GE petition_NN1 is_VBZ doing_VDG well_RR ._. 
Recently_RR ,_, delegates_NN2 of_IO the_AT European_JJ Angling_NN1 Alliance_NN1 ,_, representing_VVG over_RG five_MC million_NNO anglers_NN2 ,_, added_VVD their_APPGE signatures_NN2 and_CC enthusiastic_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
All_DB this_DD1 is_VBZ being_VBG done_VDN '_" abroad_RL '_GE ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT skirl_NN1 of_IO up-stream_JJ pipes_NN2 and_CC the_AT roll_NN1 of_IO battle_NN1 drums_NN2 which_DDQ will_VM cause_VVI things_NN2 to_TO happen_VVI ._. 
Animal_NN1 research_NN1 The_AT report_NN1 (_( 12_MC March_NPM1 )_) that_CST researchers_NN2 in_II Cambridge_NP1 have_VH0 produced_VVN genetically_RR altered_JJ pigs_NN2 with_IW '_GE human_JJ hearts_NN2 '_GE shows_NN2 yet_RR again_RT that_DD1 science_NN1 is_VBZ allowed_VVN to_TO operate_VVI without_IW any_DD proper_JJ controls_NN2 ._. 
How_RGQ much_DA1 money_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN spent_VVN and_CC how_RGQ many_DA2 animals_NN2 have_VH0 suffered_VVN during_II the_AT last_MD eight_MC years_NNT2 ?_? 
How_RGQ much_DA1 more_DAR suffering_NN1 and_CC waste_NN1 will_VM there_EX be_VBI before_CS they_PPHS2 move_VV0 on_RP to_II the_AT human_JJ victims_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE research_NN1 ?_? 
Time_RR31 and_RR32 again_RR33 in_II the_AT US_NP1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN people_NN suffer_VVI long-drawn-out_NN1 deaths_NN2 plumbed_VVN into_II artificial_JJ heart_NN1 machines_NN2 or_CC given_VVN the_AT hearts_NN2 of_IO other_JJ species_NN of_IO primates_NN2 in_II transplant_NN1 operations_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO medical_JJ opinion_NN1 now_RT recognises_VVZ that_CST preventive_JJ measures_NN2 and_CC wider_JJR availability_NN1 of_IO human_JJ organs_NN2 for_IF transplant_NN1 are_VBR far_RG more_RGR useful_JJ than_CSN animal_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
One_PN1 would_VM think_VVI that_CST the_AT present_JJ money-motivated_JJ Government_NN1 would_VM realise_VVI that_DD1 encouraging_JJ people_NN to_TO carry_VVI donor_NN1 cards_NN2 and_CC promoting_VVG a_AT1 healthier_JJR lifestyle_NN1 would_VM give_VVI better_JJR results_NN2 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ one_MC1 other_JJ aspect_NN1 to_II genetically_RR engineering_NN1 animals_NN2 to_TO create_VVI human_JJ compatible_JJ tissue_NN1 and_CC organs_NN2 which_DDQ gives_VVZ cause_NN1 for_IF concern_NN1 ._. 
If_CS the_AT tissue_NN1 and_CC organs_NN2 can_VM be_VBI altered_VVN to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 acceptable_JJ for_IF transplant_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS can_VM guarantee_VVI that_DD1 animal_NN1 diseases_NN2 will_VM not_XX also_RR adapt_VVI and_CC cross_VVI the_AT genetic_JJ barrier_NN1 ?_? 
Fresh_JJ Glasgow_NP1 plea_NN1 for_IF extra_JJ health_NN1 aid_NN1 Eric_NP1 McKenzie_NP1 examines_VVZ a_AT1 report_NN1 which_DDQ lends_VVZ weight_NN1 to_II renewed_JJ requests_NN2 to_TO make_VVI the_AT city_NN1 a_AT1 special_JJ case_NN1 for_IF action_NN1 SENIOR_JJ public_JJ health_NN1 officials_NN2 in_II Glasgow_NP1 are_VBR adding_VVG weight_NN1 to_II a_AT1 renewed_JJ call_NN1 by_II the_AT district_NN1 council_NN1 for_IF urgent_JJ Government_NN1 action_NN1 on_II health_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
The_AT link_NN1 among_II bad_JJ health_NN1 and_CC poverty_NN1 ,_, deprivation_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 was_VBDZ highlighted_VVN in_II a_AT1 report_NN1 by_II Glasgow_NP1 's_GE director_NN1 of_IO public_JJ health_NN1 ,_, Dr_NNB George_NP1 Forwell_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS ,_, along_II21 with_II22 Dr_NNB Phil_NP1 Hanlon_NP1 ,_, health_NN1 promotions_NN2 officer_NN1 with_IW Greater_NP1 Glasgow_NP1 Health_NN1 Board_NN1 ,_, will_VM discuss_VVI the_AT report_NN1 with_IW members_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 's_GE environment_NN1 and_CC health_NN1 committee_NN1 tomorrow_RT ._. 
Jim_NP1 McCarron_NP1 ,_, the_AT committee_NN1 chairman_NN1 ,_, said_VVD yesterday_RT that_CST Dr_NNB Forwell_NP1 's_GE report_NN1 underlined_VVD what_DDQ politicians_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN saying_VVG about_II Glasgow_NP1 's_GE health_NN1 record_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 long_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
'_" Our_APPGE comments_NN2 have_VH0 gone_VVN unheeded_JJ by_II central_JJ government_NN1 but_CCB surely_RR they_PPHS2 must_VM pay_VVI attention_NN1 now_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN reiterated_VVN by_II a_AT1 person_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE standing_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Glasgow_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 unique_JJ case_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 powerful_JJ argument_NN1 now_RT existed_VVD to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 a_AT1 special_JJ case_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Castlemilk_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN a_AT1 special_JJ initiative_NN1 area_NN1 by_II the_AT Government_NN1 and_CC major_JJ improvements_NN2 to_II housing_NN1 and_CC the_AT environment_NN1 have_VH0 taken_VVN place_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB Castlemilk_VV0 only_JJ mirrors_NN2 the_AT problems_NN2 in_II other_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 which_DDQ must_VM also_RR be_VBI tackled_VVN ._. 
'_GE In_II the_AT report_NN1 Dr_NNB Forwell_NP1 pointed_VVD out_RP that_CST half_DB the_AT population_NN1 of_IO Greater_NP1 Glasgow_NP1 lived_VVD in_RP extremely_RR disadvantaged_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT health_NN1 of_IO adult_NN1 men_NN2 deteriorating_VVG markedly_RR compared_VVN with_IW the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO Scotland_NP1 ._. 
An_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO local_JJ government_NN1 districts_NN2 within_II the_AT GGHB_NP1 area_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST districts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Bearsden_NP1 and_CC Milngavie_NP1 ,_, and_CC Eastwood_NP1 ,_, had_VHD socio-economic_JJ and_CC health_NN1 indices_NN2 as_RG good_JJ as_CSA the_AT best_JJT areas_NN2 within_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, Glasgow_NP1 and_CC Clydebank_NP1 had_VHD levels_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 comparable_JJ with_IW many_DA2 cities_NN2 in_II what_DDQ was_VBDZ once_RR Eastern_JJ Europe_NP1 ._. 
His_APPGE report_NN1 added_VVD that_CST unless_CS there_EX were_VBDR a_AT1 major_JJ and_CC unexpected_JJ change_NN1 in_II current_JJ trends_NN2 ,_, inequalities_NN2 in_II health_NN1 with_IW Greater_NP1 Glasgow_NP1 and_CC between_II Greater_NP1 Glasgow_NP1 and_CC the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO Scotland_NP1 were_VBDR likely_JJ to_TO increase_VVI ._. 
Dr_NNB Forwell_NP1 said_VVD that_CST marked_JJ differences_NN2 among_II districts_NN2 within_II the_AT health_NN1 board_NN1 area_NN1 suggested_VVD that_CST there_EX must_VM be_VBI other_JJ determiners_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 than_CSN just_JJ health_NN1 services_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 said_VVD he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ not_XX talking_VVG about_II more_DAR money_NN1 for_IF health_NN1 services_NN2 but_CCB about_II more_DAR money_NN1 to_TO enable_VVI the_AT council_NN1 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW problems_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 condensation_NN1 and_CC proper_JJ insulation_NN1 of_IO housing_VVG in_II the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
'_" More_DAR money_NN1 should_VM be_VBI spent_VVN ,_, but_CCB where_CS they_PPHS2 &lsqb;_( Glasgow_NP1 District_NN1 Council_NN1 &rsqb;_) get_VV0 it_PPH1 from_II is_VBZ a_AT1 political_JJ matter_NN1 ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 added_VVD :_: '_GE The_AT natural_JJ environment_NN1 ,_, ie_REX the_AT weather_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT same_DA in_II Bearsden_NP1 and_CC Milngavie_NP1 as_CSA in_II Glasgow_NP1 ..._... 
I_PPIS1 'm_VBM saying_VVG to_II Glasgow_NP1 city_NN1 council_NN1 that_CST I_PPIS1 think_VV0 the_AT reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT poor_JJ health_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE people_NN is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 factors_NN2 outwith_II health_NN1 services_NN2 and_CC more_RRR to_TO do_VDI with_IW social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 unemployment_NN1 and_CC bad_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
'_GE East_NP1 Kilbride_NP1 opened_VVD a_AT1 Health_NN1 Yourself_PPX1 information_NN1 service_NN1 in_II the_AT town_NN1 's_GE central_JJ library_NN1 ._. 
The_AT service_NN1 includes_VVZ health-related_JJ books_NN2 ,_, leaflets_NN2 ,_, videos_NN2 ,_, and_CC cassettes_NN2 as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 local_JJ health_NN1 awareness_NN1 campaign_NN1 to_TO promote_VVI a_AT1 healthy_JJ life-style_NN1 ._. 
Oilseed_VV0 rape_VV0 Some_DD of_IO your_APPGE readers_NN2 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN confused_VVN by_II a_AT1 report_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE work_NN1 in_II Aberdeen_NP1 University_NN1 on_II oilseed_NN1 rape_NN1 allergies_NN2 ,_, and_CC subsequent_JJ letters_NN2 from_II a_AT1 farmer_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 anti-allergy_JJ campaigner_NN1 ._. 
Our_APPGE research_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX complete_JJ ,_, and_CC your_APPGE report_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN based_VVN on_II a_AT1 brief_JJ article_NN1 in_II a_AT1 farming_NN1 journal_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN no_AT greater_JJR frequency_NN1 of_IO complaints_NN2 of_IO seasonal_JJ allergic-type_JJ symptoms_NN2 in_II oilseed_NN1 rape_NN1 than_CSN in_II non-oilseed_JJ rape_NN1 rural_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
Just_RR under_RG 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, in_II both_DB2 areas_NN2 complain_VV0 of_IO spring/summer_NNT1 symptoms_NN2 and_CC in_II the_AT oilseed_NN1 rape_NN1 area_NN1 a_AT1 proportion_NN1 attributed_VVD their_APPGE symptoms_NN2 to_II this_DD1 crop_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 seems_VVZ likely_JJ that_CST ,_, in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR correct_JJ ,_, but_CCB that_CST these_DD2 symptoms_NN2 are_VBR not_XX due_II21 to_II22 what_DDQ doctors_NN2 would_VM normally_RR regard_VVI as_II allergy_NN1 ._. 
The_AT word_NN1 allergy_NN1 means_VVZ different_JJ things_NN2 to_II different_JJ people_NN ,_, from_II almost_RR any_DD unusual_JJ symptom_NN1 to_II a_AT1 specific_JJ and_CC measurable_JJ form_NN1 of_IO immunological_JJ response_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 hope_VV0 that_CST our_APPGE continuing_JJ work_NN1 will_VM shed_VVI light_NN1 on_II these_DD2 different_JJ concepts_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II due_JJ course_NN1 we_PPIS2 shall_VM publish_VVI our_APPGE results_NN2 in_II medical_JJ journals_NN2 ._. 
For_IF the_AT moment_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ unlikely_JJ that_CST oilseed_VV0 rape_NN1 causes_VVZ more_RGR frequent_JJ or_CC more_RGR dangerous_JJ symptoms_NN2 to_II those_DD2 living_VVG nearby_RL than_CSN do_VD0 many_DA2 other_JJ crops_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO say_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX cause_VVI symptoms_NN2 ;_; we_PPIS2 think_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 does_VDZ in_II some_DD people_NN ._. 
There_EX 's_VBZ a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 about_II A_AT1 late-season_JJ flu_NN1 bug_NN1 has_VHZ bitten_VVN Scotland_NP1 ,_, writes_VVZ Ian_NP1 Mullen_NP1 THE_AT Scottish_JJ Football_NN1 League_NN1 programme_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN badly_RR affected_VVN over_II the_AT last_MD couple_NN1 of_IO weeks_NNT2 ,_, not_XX only_RR by_II the_AT injuries_NN2 which_DDQ might_VM reasonably_RR be_VBI expected_VVN at_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 in_II a_AT1 crowded_JJ season_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB ,_, unusually_RR ,_, by_II a_AT1 flu_NN1 virus_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ caused_VVN havoc_NN1 in_II the_AT playing_JJ staffs_NN2 of_IO some_DD of_IO the_AT Premier_JJ Division_NN1 teams_NN2 ._. 
Eleven_MC Aberdeen_NP1 players_NN2 were_VBDR laid_VVN low_JJ by_II the_AT virus_NN1 ,_, and_CC Rangers_NN2 lost_VVD their_APPGE international_JJ goalkeeper_NN1 Andy_NP1 Goram_NP1 to_II the_AT bug_NN1 ._. 
Worst_JJT hit_NN1 of_IO all_DB were_VBDR Motherwell_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD 22_MC of_IO their_APPGE 32_MC registered_JJ players_NN2 either_RR injured_VVN or_CC coughing_VVG and_CC spluttering_VVG ,_, and_CC who_PNQS had_VHD their_APPGE league_NN1 game_NN1 with_IW Celtic_JJ postponed_JJ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT infection_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 high_JJ incidence_NN1 of_IO viral_JJ infection_NN1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR all_DB the_AT more_RGR surprising_JJ since_CS there_EX has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO flu_NN1 around_II this_DD1 winter_NNT1 so_RG far_RR ,_, and_CC many_DA2 sufferers_NN2 no_RR21 doubt_RR22 believed_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR going_VVGK to_TO escape_VVI altogether_RR ._. 
Influenza_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 completely_RR different_JJ viral_JJ infection_NN1 from_II the_AT common_JJ cold_NN1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE effects_NN2 are_VBR much_RR more_RGR severe_JJ ._. 
Whereas_CS a_AT1 cold_NN1 may_VM take_VVI a_AT1 day_NNT1 or_CC two_MC to_TO develop_VVI and_CC produce_VVI a_AT1 cough_NN1 ,_, sore_JJ throat_NN1 and_CC streaming_VVG nose_NN1 ,_, flu_NN1 arrives_VVZ much_RR more_RGR suddenly_RR ,_, and_CC also_RR causes_VVZ a_AT1 high_JJ temperature_NN1 and_CC sore_JJ and_CC aching_JJ joints_NN2 and_CC muscles_NN2 ._. 
Most_DAT sufferers_NN2 will_VM have_VHI to_TO spend_VVI a_AT1 day_NNT1 or_CC two_MC in_II bed_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT feeling_NN1 of_IO malaise_NN1 and_CC depression_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ the_AT footballers_NN2 are_VBR left_VVN will_VM not_XX necessarily_RR be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE team_NN1 's_GE position_NN1 in_II the_AT league_NN1 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ an_AT1 almost_RR inevitable_JJ element_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 severe_JJ bout_NN1 of_IO flu_NN1 ._. 
The_AT incubation_NN1 period_NN1 of_IO the_AT virus_NN1 is_VBZ 24_MC to_II 48_MC hours_NNT2 and_CC the_AT infection_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR spread_VVN by_II droplets_NN2 from_II the_AT coughs_NN2 and_CC sneezes_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR already_RR suffering_VVG ._. 
Although_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR extremely_RR unlikely_JJ to_TO suffer_VVI any_DD lasting_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT infection_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ appear_VVI to_TO be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 that_CST young_JJ ,_, highly-trained_JJ athletes_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 footballers_NN2 ,_, are_VBR often_RR susceptible_JJ to_II viral_JJ diseases_NN2 ._. 
The_AT only_JJ group_NN1 at_II any_DD real_JJ risk_NN1 from_II a_AT1 flu_NN1 epidemic_NN1 are_VBR the_AT elderly_JJ ,_, of_IO which_DDQ there_EX are_VBR an_AT1 increasing_JJ number_NN1 these_DD2 days_NNT2 ,_, and_CC the_AT danger_NN1 comes_VVZ primarily_RR from_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ infections_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM easily_RR follow_VVI a_AT1 dose_NN1 of_IO flu_NN1 ._. 
The_AT only_JJ really_RR effective_JJ means_NN of_IO reducing_VVG the_AT incidence_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ infections_NN2 in_II the_AT elderly_JJ is_VBZ by_II vaccination_NN1 ,_, usually_RR done_VDN in_II autumn_NNT1 ._. 
Only_RR around_RG 30_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN vaccinated_VVN go_VV0 on_RP to_TO contract_VVI a_AT1 mild_JJ dose_NN1 of_IO flu_NN1 ,_, and_CC even_RR then_RT the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ infections_NN2 is_VBZ considerably_RR reduced_VVN ._. 
Fortunately_RR ,_, full-blown_JJ flu_NN1 epidemics_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR rare_JJ ._. 
The_AT last_MD major_JJ epidemic_NN1 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 was_VBDZ in_II December_NPM1 1989_MC ,_, when_CS 290_MC people_NN per_II 100,000_MC were_VBDR infected_VVN ._. 
This_DD1 compares_VVZ with_IW the_AT 1975-76_MCMC epidemic_NN1 which_DDQ peaked_VVD at_II 350_MC cases_NN2 per_II 100,000_MC and_CC the_AT 1968_MC flu_NN1 epidemic_NN1 which_DDQ reached_VVD an_AT1 incredible_JJ 918_MC cases_NN2 per_II 100,000_MC of_IO the_AT population_NN1 at_II its_APPGE worst_JJT ._. 
At_II the_AT moment_NN1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO people_NN suffering_VVG from_II flu_NN1 in_II Scotland_NP1 is_VBZ nowhere_RL near_II those_DD2 levels_NN2 ,_, but_CCB one_MC1 or_CC two_MC football_NN1 managers_NN2 may_VM well_RR be_VBI feeling_NN1 '_GE as_RG sick_JJ as_CSA a_AT1 parrot_NN1 '_GE because_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX think_VVI to_TO have_VHI their_APPGE highly-priced_JJ investments_NN2 vaccinated_VVD before_II the_AT winter_NNT1 began_VVD ._. 
